in this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the optimum lateral spacing and irrigation frequency for subsurface drip irrigated okra in the semi-arid region of Haryana (India). Two lateral spacings (45 cm and 60 cm) and four irrigation frequencies (daily, after 1,2 and 3 days) were selected to grow okra in the Kharif season of 2019 and 2020. The effect on soil water dynamics, growth parameters, efficiency and yield were assessed using equal amounts of water under all the treatments on the basis of pan evaporation. The results from the study depict that the overall soil moisture decreased laterally, but increased vertically downward with the increase in the irrigation interval. On the basis of soil water dynamics, plant growth parameters, efficiency and yield of okra, it was concluded that subsurface drip irrigation with daily irrigation at 45 cm lateral spacing gives better performance than all other treatments in sandy loam soil. The present study highlights the significance of proper irrigation frequency and lateral spacing for maximum production of okra. Using these guidelines, the income of okra growers/farmers in the semi-arid region may be increased by choosing the best frequency and lateral spacing of subsurface drip irrigation.

Abstract We apply an iterative inversion scheme, initially developed by Hashida and Shimazaki (1984) and later modified by Joshi et al., (2010), to estimate three - dimensional shear - wave quality factor, Qs (f), of south-central Gulf of California, Mexico. An area of 230 km x 288 km in this region is divided into 108 rectangular blocks of different Qs (f). We use 25 well-located earthquakes recorded at three broadband stations of the regional network RESBAN operated by CICESE (Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California) and three Ocean Bottom Seismographs (OBS) of the Sea of Cortez Ocean Bottom Array (SCOOBA) experiment. This dataset permits us to obtain Qs (f) estimates of different blocks using the modified inversion algorithm. Qs (f) is obtained at various frequencies in 0.16 ~8.0 Hz range. We found that the estimated Qs structure correlates with geological and tectonic models of the region proposed in previous studies. A regional frequency-dependent relation using all 1944 values of shear-wave quality factor is obtained at 18 different frequencies in all blocks can be approximated by a function of the form Qs (f) = 20 f1.2. This relation is typical in a tectonically active region with high S-wave attenuation and is similar to attenuation relations reported by other authors for the Imperial Valley, California region.

Resumen Se aplicó un esquema de inversión iterativo, inicialmente desarrollado por Hashida y Shimazaki (1984) y posteriormente modificado por Joshi et al., (2010), para estimar el factor de calidad de onda corta tridimensional, Qs (f), del centro-sur del Golfo de California, México. Es un área de 230 x 288 km que se divide en 108 bloques rectangulares de diferentes Qs (f). Se utilizó 25 terremotos bien ubicados registrados en tres estaciones de banda ancha de la red regional RESBAN operada por CICESE (Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California) y tres Sismógrafos de Fondo Oceánico (OBS, por sus siglas en inglés) de un conjunto del Experimento del Fondo Oceánico del Mar de Cortés (SCOOBA, por sus siglas en inglés). Este conjunto de datos permitió obtener estimaciones de Qs (f) de diferentes bloques, utilizando el algoritmo de inversión modificado. El Qs (f) se obtuvo a varias frecuencias en el rango de 0,16 ~ 8,0 Hz. Se encontró que la estructura Qs estimada se correlaciona con los modelos geológicos y tectónicos de la región propuestos en estudios previos. Se obtuvo una relación regional dependiente de la frecuencia que utiliza todos los valores de 1944 del factor de calidad de la onda de corte a 18 frecuencias diferentes en todos los bloques y se puede aproximar mediante una función de la forma Qs (f) = 20 f 1.2 . Esta relación es típica en una región tectónicamente activa con alta atenuación de onda S y es similar a las relaciones de atenuación reportadas por otros autores para la región del Valle Imperial, California.

Interspecific competition between two species of Drosophila: D. ananassae and D. melanogaster was studied at the larval and adult stages. It was found that when D. ananassae and D. melanogaster adult flies were co-cultured, very few D. ananassae offspring could be recovered in the first generation. To investigate the reasons of D. ananassae apparent inhibition, mating behavior of D. ananassae in the presence of D. melanogaster was observed and it was found that the number of matings deviated significantly from those recorded when it was kept alone. To determine larval development of D. ananassae after being initially exposed to D. melanogaster, the females of the two species were separated in different food bottles after 3 days of being kept together. Good D. ananassae cultures could be recovered indicating that initial exposure of D. ananassae to D. melanogaster did not hamper its egg laying capacity or eclosion. However, if they remained together, no D. ananassae could be recovered from larval diet, suggesting that either D. melanogaster adults interfered with fertilization or egg-laying, or their larvae eliminated competitors. To see whether there is larval competition, polytene chromosomes of 54 third instar larvae were analyzed out of which only 5.56 percent were found to be D. ananassae. Thus, if a few eggs are laid by D. ananassae and they develop, all the while facing competition from D. melanogaster and till the third instar larval stage is reached, there is almost complete elimination of D. ananassae. Thus, interspecific competition exists at all stages of life cycle and few if any D. ananassae flies emerge.

Se estudió la competencia interespecífica entre dos especies de Drosophila: D. ananassae y D. melanogaster en estado larvario y adulto. Se encontró que al criar simultáneamente adultos de D. ananassae y D. melanogaster, muy poca progenie de primera generación de D. ananassae podia recuperarse. Para investigar las causas de la aparente inhibición de D. ananassae, se observó el comportamiento de apareamiento de D. ananassae en presencia de D. melanogaster y se observó que el número de apareamientos se desvió significatívamente de aquel registrado cuando esta especie se mantuvo sola. Para observar el desarrollo larvario de D. ananassae después de la exposición a D. melanogaster, hembras de ambas especies fueron separadas en botes de alimento después de tres días de confinamiento conjunto. Se obtuvieron buenas crías de D. ananassae, indicando que la exposición de D. ananassae a D. melanogaster no afectó su capacidad de oviposición ni su fertilidad. Sin embargo, cuando ambas especies permanecieron juntas, no se recuperó D. ananassae de la dieta larvaria lo que sugiere que los adultos de D.melanogaster interfirieron con la fertilización u oviposición, o bien sus larvas eliminaron la competencia. Para establecer la existencia de competencia larvaria se examinaron los cromosomas polténicos de 54 larvas de tercer estadio entre las cuáles solo el 5.56 por ciento resultaron ser de D. ananassae. Por lo tanto, si algunos huevos son depositados por D. ananassae y se desarrollan, éstos enfrentan la competencia de D. melanogaster durante todo el desarrollo y hasta el tercer estadio, llegando a la casi total eliminación de D. ananassae. Existe competencia interespecifica en todas las etapas del ciclo de vida resultando en una casi nula emergencia de D. ananassae.

INTRODUCTION: Environmental exposure to man-made electromagnetic fields has been steadily increasing with the growing demand for electronic items that are operational at various frequencies. Testicular function is particularly susceptible to radiation emitted by electromagnetic fields. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field (100 Hz) on the reproductive systems of male Wistar rats (70 days old). METHODS: The experiments were divided into five groups: microwave sham, microwave exposure (2.45 GHz), pulsed electromagnetic field sham, pulsed electromagnetic field (100 Hz) exposure, and microwave/pulsed electromagnetic field exposure. The animals were exposed for 2 hours/day for 60 days. After exposure, the animals were sacrificed, their sperm was used for creatine and caspase assays, and their serum was used for melatonin and testosterone assays. RESULTS: The results showed significant increases in caspase and creatine kinase and significant decreases in testosterone and melatonin in the exposed groups. This finding emphasizes that reactive oxygen species (a potential inducer of cancer) are the primary cause of DNA damage. However, pulsed electromagnetic field exposure relieves the effect of microwave exposure by inducing Faraday currents. CONCLUSIONS: Electromagnetic fields are recognized as hazards that affect testicular function by generating reactive oxygen species and reduce the bioavailability of androgen to maturing spermatozoa. Thus, microwave exposure adversely affects male fertility, whereas pulsed electromagnetic field therapy is a non-invasive, simple technique that can be used as a scavenger agent to combat oxidative stress.

A oxidação de diversos selenetos, sulfetos, teluretos, selenóxidos, sulfóxidos e teluróxidos com o complexo [MoO(O2)2(H2O)(hmpa)] [hmpa = (Me2N)3PO] em tetraidrofurano a 65-70 ºC, para produzir as correspondentes selenonas, sulfonas e teluronas em altos rendimentos, é relatada neste trabalho.

This work reports the oxidation of a variety of selenides, sulfides, tellurides, selenoxides, sulfoxides and telluroxides with [MoO(O2)2(H2O)(hmpa)] [hmpa = (Me2N)3PO] in tetrahydrofuran at 65-70 ºC to produce the corresponding selenones, sulfones and tellurones in high yields.